The following is a statement jointly authored by myself and the several other scholars indicated regarding our participation in the recent video production, "The Lost Civilizations of North America." Given the notoriety this video has received (it was discussed by Glenn Beck on his television program), we felt it necessary to make the following statement a matter of record. I urge anyone who has any questions not answered by the statement to contact me.
Brad
________
As scholars committed to increasing public understanding of Native American history and archaeology, we want to make it clear that we do not support the theories presented in “The Lost Civilizations of North America” DVD. In our opinion, there is no compelling archaeological or genetic evidence for a migration from the Middle East to North America a few thousand years ago, nor is there any credible scientific evidence that Old World civilizations were involved in developing Native American cultures in pre-Columbian times. Many of the artifacts used to support the film’s claims, such as the Newark "Holy Stones," have been proven fraudulent based on convincing scientific evidence and historical documentation. Like the great majority of professional archaeologists and anthropologists, we have seen overwhelming evidence that Native Americans were independently responsible for designing and creating the Newark Earthworks, Cahokia Mounds, and the myriad other pre-Columbian sites across the United States.
Each of us was interviewed for this film. None of us was asked directly for our opinion on what turned out to be its underlying claim; that Old World civilizations played an active role in the development of Native American cultures, especially the mound builders. Instead, we were asked general questions about Native American societies, their remarkable technological achievements, genetic histories, and we were also asked to comment on the biases of many nineteenth-century historians and archaeologists concerning the abilities of the native people of North America. We fear that the context of our general remarks as they currently appear in the film might lead viewers to conclude that our words on these subjects provide support for the film’s claims. That would be a mistake. In fact, our remarks, if presented in an unedited form, show clearly that we reject the assertions made in the finished documentary concerning a non-native source for the complex cultures of Native America.
We informed the filmmakers of our objections in February 2010, five months before the DVD’s release. The producers did make some changes in response to our objections, including deleting Ken Feder's interview entirely. As a group, we believe that the final product remains misleading and presents claims that neither we nor our data support. In our opinion, there is no compelling evidence for the presence of Old World cultures in North America prior to the incursions of the Norse in the early 11th century.
Sonya Atalay
Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Indiana University*
Terry Barnhart
Professor of History, Eastern Illinois University*
Deborah Bolnick
Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin*
Ken Feder
Professor of Anthropology, Central Connecticut State University*
Alice Kehoe
Professor of Anthropology, emeritus, Marquette University*
Brad Lepper
Curator of Archaeology, Ohio Historical Society*
*We provide the names of our respective institutions here for identification purposes only. This is not meant to indicate that these institutions endorse our views.
Thursday, December 16, 2010
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20 comments:
Heh.
When I took the tour at the last Octagon Open House along with my wife and some friends, one of the other people was a woman who was a Glen Beck admirer. She was making statements that were causing just about everybody else to roll their eyes. Jeff Gill was remarkably patient with her.
Of course, Glen Beck is Mormon, and the whole lost tribes thing was stolen by and incorporated by Joseph Smith into Mormonism.
Thank You, Brad and the others, for refusing to be a party to the disinformation and junk history/archaeology claims of these individuals. I wish you well in your struggles even though we've both doubtless heard the old adage "bunk sells; debunking doesn't."
I would also like to commend you on your restraint. Lately several "pseudo-documentaries" on alleged pre-Columbian sea voyages to this hemisphere by Old Worlders have gained a measure of exposure and popularity. The History Channel recently ran a "Who Really Discovered America" program, and 90% of it was utter nonsense which even featured the fantasies peddled by Gavin Menzies and implied there might be merit to these hypotheses.
Bob N. above is correct when he notes a Mormon tie-in with the "Lost Civilizations" DVD. I found your blogsite by following a link from an "ex-Mormon recovery bulletin board" that discussed Brother Beck's promotion of these fairy tales:
http://exmormon.org/phorum/read.php?2,67312,67312#msg-67312
These folks aren't nearly as polite as you are, but then they probably have their reasons. I agree with one poster who notes the claims of a "racist conspiracy" by the Smithsonian amount to a horrible insult to the lives and careers of Lewis Henry Morgan and Major John Wesley Powell. Both men contributed mightily to the advancement of science in the 19th Century, and it's indefensible to suggest otherwise.
The Columbus Dispatch ran an article about this controversy in the Sunday December 29th edition. Here is a link to the article:
http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2010/12/29/dvd-stirs-up-archaeological-spat.html
I hope, it's OK
You know there were many that were ridiculed when they claimed that they earth wasn't the center of the universe. There were women that were burned as "witches" because they were of inquisitive nature. There were reformists that were burned because they felt that just maybe the catholic church had strayed from its origins. All through history many have been silenced in their attempt to give forum to new ideas. The people that produced this documentary are in no way shape or form affiliated with the "Mormon" church. They are merely giving a voice to potential discovery. The Newark Holy Stones were never proven to be fake, unfortunately the proposal that they could be fake morphed into some semblance of fact. Why is it so terrible that there is an interest in this film? Does it threaten your existence in any way? Has this film harmed you in a mental or physical way? Are you unable to sleep at night because someone has found possible evidence of an advanced civilization that thrived in what is now the United States? Are you afraid that men on bicycles with name tags are going to drag you and your families away to some remote area where you will be forced to be "Mormon"? Watch the film 'Expelled'... There are many bright minds that have been ridiculed because they allowed the topic of intelligent design to have voice in their publications and classrooms. Many have been silenced in violent and non-violent ways because they presented the world with a possible alternative to what has become mainstream belief. Don't forget that what you may believe started out as and still is merely archeological theory, it has just been around long enough that many have decided it is fact. Was there migration from Asia to North America over polar caps and land bridges? Were you there for to watch it all happen? Did you forget that just as famous "respected" explorers burned and destroyed Mayan and Inca artifacts, cities, histories and cultures in the name of God, exploration, and the search for gold; so may we too have done as we expanded west and placed Native Americans on "Reservations". Don't be a Cortez as you plunder and mock this documentary... Try being a Theodore Roosevelt, be progressive in your thinking, don't allow new ideas to threaten you. Listen to their point of view then choose for yourself, don't criticize others because they may like what they hear.
Hi Brandon,
Thanks for your post, but I think you misunderstand the nature of the joint statement. I am not at all surprised that there is an interest in the documentary. At least part of the interest is based on the fact that credible scholars lent their names and reputations to the video making it seem that all the ideas expressed in it had a similar credibility. They do not.
Contrary to your claim, the Newark Holy Stones have been proven to be fraudulent. The Bat Creek Stone and Michigan Relics, also featured in the documentary, have been proven to be fraudulent. Even if they had not been proven to be frauds, the burden of proof would be on those who would ask us to accept them as authentic relics of the ancient past. The evidence presented in the documentary (or anywhere else for that matter) is neither accurate nor persuasive. Wanting to believe that they are real does not make them real.
I am not unhappy that such a documentary was created and that some people enjoy watching it. I am unhappy that some of those people might come away from the experience believing that I support or endorse the baseless claims promoted by the video.
For more information on the Newark Holy Stones, check out the brief article (with bibliography) at the following link:
http://www.ohioarchaeology.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255&Itemid=32
For more information about the Michigan Relics, see my earlier posting on this blog (Wednesday, December 15, 2010) and watch the video reviewed in that post. It’s the perfect antidote for the “Lost Civilizations of North America” documentary.
Brad
"The Newark Holy Stones are viewed with a vast amount of skepticism. The idea that there is a connection between the ancient Hopewell mound builders and Jewish settlers that were in the Americas before Columbus is considered by some to be a form of pseudoarchaeology. Many skeptics believe that David Wyrick's discoveries are an attempt to link these artifacts to a Lost Tribe of Israel. The inscriptions on the artifacts were post-Exilic Hebrew which originated in the time of Ezra. However, a Lost Tribe of Israel would have written in pre-Exilic form.
Another possibility is that the Newark Holy Stones were forged to support a political viewpoint. Brad Lepper, of the Ohio Historical Society who has extensively studied the Hopewell culture, suggests that the artifacts might have been scientifically forged to help advance the theory on monogenism. In 1860, slavery was a subject of poignant interest and heated debate that was reaching a critical point in American society. Anthropology and other forms of science were often used in defense or opposition. Discussions promoting monogenism, for example, were often used to oppose slavery and segregation.
Further speculation is added by the prevalence of hoaxes and inconsistent testimony in similar areas of study regarding the Cardiff Giant, the Los Lunas Decalogue Stone and the Beringer stones."
There isn't much on the internet that would be definitive. If someone were to claim that these things were fabricated wouldn't the burden of their authenticity lie with them? I guess it could be compared to someone accused of a crime, they are innocent until proven guilty. Furthermore my remarks were more for those that were openly aggressive in their remarks about those that are interested in the documentary. They started to get personal with the "Brother Beck" and Mormon Church comments. They were clearly misinformed. I understand that your comments may have been taken out of context, something that occurs regularly in the film industry. These people pose as those of higher education but really they are close minded and uneducated. This becomes very clear when you read their attacking comments. Is it a crime to be Mormon? Muslim? Jewish? Catholic? Native American? These "educated" people mistook that their framed diplomas for tickets to the intolerance show. Joseph Smith didn't steal the lost tribes thing, it is in the Bible, and just as Christians believe the bible so do Mormons. I attend different churches because I like to see first hand what they believe and when I learn I don't criticize because it just isn't my place nor is it my right. Thanks for the reply though!
Hi again Brandon,
As for the "Decalogue Stone," probably the most important of the so-called Newark "Holy Stones," my colleague Jeff Gill has noted specific errors in the inscription that could be explained only by someone working from a conventional nineteenth-century typeface Hebrew text and converting each letter into the corresponding antique-looking character of the Decalogue alphabet -- and doing so in a recurring pattern of error which clearly reveals the modern source for the inscription (see the article in the May-June 2000 issue of Timeline magazine authored by myself and Jeff for more details). Frank Moore Cross, Harvard University professor of Near Eastern languages and one of the foremost contemporary authorities on ancient Hebrew, agreed completely with Jeff's conclusions, writing that it was clear that "the modern forms of the Hebrew character[s] … stand ultimately behind" the Decalogue inscription. Cross offered his opinion that the Decalogue Stone was a "grotesque" forgery that could not be taken seriously.
In my view, this unequivocally establishes the Decalogue Stone as a fraud.
Brad
The Lost Civilizations of North America Found … Again!
by Alice Beck Kehoe
"Glenn Beck, the Fox Network talk-show personality, recently featured the DVD The Lost
Civilizations of North America on his show and exclaimed, 'I was blown away' —not, apparently,
by the Midwest’s impressive earthen architecture of Hopewell, Cahokia, and Mississippians
documented in the video, but by their apparent affirmation of a Mormon claim that the Lost Tribes of Israel inhabited North America..."
Read Alice Kehoe's commentary on "The Lost Civiizations of North America" at the National Center for Science Education's website:
http://reports.ncse.com/index.php/rncse/article/view/23/14
To start, I would just like to mention that I very much admire Mr. Lepper's work with the Newark Earthworks. It was fascinating to read your research in preparation for an essay I recently wrote for a college archaeoastronomy class, and it was exciting to know that something so culturally unique and significant was in my home state!
That said, in the course of my research I ran across Glenn Beck's spot on the Newark Earthworks and these stones, and all I could do was rub my temples in frustration at his enthusiastic wrongness, especially since I had earlier investigated - and agreed with! - the reasons presented as to why the stones were fakes.
As a Mormon, I would just like to correctly note some of our beliefs to prevent misunderstanding. For one, we do believe that there were at least three relatively small groups (no more than two dozen people in each group, at most) that journeyed from the Middle East to undetermined locations in the American continents, one group from Mesopotamia several thousand years before Christ and the other two from Jerusalem circa 600 BC. Contrary to what is often said, we do not believe that these were the lost ten tribes of Israel (we believe that those are *still* lost), but instead that the latter two groups left Jerusalem before the Babylonian Exile - before the ten tribes were even "lost"! This being said, there is much uncertainty and discussion amongst LDS (Mormon) scholars and apologists about the spread and expansion of these peoples, as well as the influences they might have had on local, preexisting populations. Indeed, though the Church has made no official proclamations correlating Native American sites to sites mentioned in the Book of Mormon, many scholars now believe that the civilizations therein discussed (based on geographical analysis of the text) would have been found around the area that comprises the Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala, not the northeastern US. Even then, while I believe the above to be true, I also believe that evidence of those people would be much less prevalent, much less obvious, and much more limited in scope than many Mormons would expect.
Indeed, in a particularly exquisite irony, the Book of Mormon even says that the authors thereof did not write it using Hebrew letters!
Glenn Beck is known for his propensity for sensationalism, conspiracy, and significant lack of proper research, and I do not wish for his views to be associated with the Mormon Church and Mormons in general.
Thank you for addressing this issue!
The over-arching statement "…there is no scientific evidence whatsoever that the cultural developments exhibited in the archaeological record … were in any way inspired by visitors or migrants from Africa, Europe, or Asia" is at best an unscientific pronouncement. Where did Native Americans come from, if not "Africa, Europe, or Asia"? Are they Australians?
Anonymous,
You make an excellent point. But if you read the actual article in its entirety, it's clear that the statement applies to migrants AFTER the initial migration of a relatively small group of Asians during the late Pleistocene epoch. It's hard to pull a sound bite out of an extensive article and have it be perfectly clear.
And we should have included Australians as yet another group for which there is no evidence of their coming to North America and influencing cultural developments here until the 19th century or so.
I'll note I got linked here by http://timesandseasons.org/ -- which is a pretty mainstream LDS ("Mormon") place -- so some of the slurs are just slurs.
Are they Australians? ;)
Some of the comments posted here actually refer to a related blog posted on August 17th. So if you're confused after reading some of the comments, check out that later post:
http://ohio-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/08/civilizations-lost-and-found-response.html
I have to concur with Brandon. Many times we get wrapped up in what our own beliefs and research has led us to conclude that we close our minds to other possibilities. We must realize that we do not have a video or pictures of the ancient past, we can only speculate and hope our informed hypothesizes are correct. We should not be so quick to debunk someone else's beliefs as totally incorrect or off the wall that we conclude they must be idiots. We can only make logical assumptions based on our research and hope that our research is not flawed by facts that we know nothing of at the present time. It is always interesting to see how the sciences change their theories as more facts are accumulated and put into play.
Being open to new ideas and new theories does not require us to reject scientific truth. Nor does it require us to selectively quote experts who disagree with us out of context in order to make it appear as though they agree with us.
As a Mormon myself, who wholeheartedly accepts the Book of Mormon, I cringe when I see folks like Glenn Beck peddling this kind of sensationalist stuff just to make a buck.
To be clear, the Book of Mormon does not actually claim a European origin for native Americans, it says only that a very small group (little more than one family) migrated from the ancient near east to somewhere in either north or south america. Many Mormons have assumed that the story made broader claims, and the Church's own introduction to the Book of Mormon (which, unlike the Book itself, is not recognized by the Church as scripture) used to say that the people it describes were the "principal" ancestors of the native americans. As DNA evidence has appeared to disprove that claim, the Church has had to reexamine the Book and found that it does actually make that claim, and accordingly, has changed the introduction to simply say that they were "among" the ancestors of the native americans.
You can accept or reject the claims of the Book of Mormon, but there is no need to ignore contrary evidence or to misconstrue the opinion of experts.
JKC said
"To be clear, the Book of Mormon does not actually claim a European origin for native Americans, it says only that a very small group (little more than one family) migrated from the ancient near east to somewhere in either north or south america."
This is not an accurate picture of the Book of Mormon. The Book of Mormon claims that there were three migrations from the Old World. These people arrived in the New World and made no mention of the fact that it was already heavily populated by people derived from Asia. They then went on to lead major New World civilizations which they named after the people in the migrating parties (Lamanites and Nephites). That is why the vast majority of Mormons believe American Indians are descended from Israelites. A plain reading of the book fully supports that belief.
Michael Haycock said
".. Indeed, though the Church has made no official proclamations correlating Native American sites to sites mentioned in the Book of Mormon,"
For the most part that is correct, but the church has made direct historical claims such as the site of the battle between the lamanites and nephites.
http://www.utlm.org/images/cumorahletter.gif
As this is from the leadership of the church I would say this stands as a claim.
I myself am not versed in the history of the native American tribes and nations. I enjoy an Indian mound as much as the next man. I will admit that I find myself lost on these subjects...but I do enjoy a good documentary and from what this blog post and comments say about this one worries me. You have to be historically honest to gain acceptance in any field. That is a simple statement of fact.
Rodney Meldrum is an embarrassment to the LDS church. Kudos to you and the other scholars for your rebuttal.
A more extensive review of the "Lost Civilizations of North America" DVD was published by the Skeptical Inquirer: http://ohio-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/12/review-of-lost-civilizations-dvd-now.html
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